Cardiac electrophysiology, spanning the level of the intact heart down to isolated heart cells (myocytes) and further down to the powerhouses of the cell (mitochondria). A major question that we are interested in investigating is: How does the metabolic state of the heart influence the activity of cardiac ion channels, and vice-versa. There is increasingly strong evidence that the activity of cardiac ion channels can influence the susceptibility of the heart to arrhythmias, infarction, and mechanical dysfunction.