Sam is interested in the function of aquatic ecosystems and their responses to nutrient and contaminant inputs. This includes natural nutrient inputs (migratory salmon), artificial inputs (fertilizations) and industrial inputs (heavy metal contamination). Sam’s interests span all levels of ecosystems from nutrients and sediment to piscivorous fish. He takes a quantitative and programmatic approach to ecosystem analysis using machine learning models; auto-regressive state space models; Bayesian approaches to stable isotope analysis and classical statistical tools.