•the interplay between students understanding of integrals and derivatives in mathematical contexts and those in physics.
•the development and dissemination of research-based thermal physics curriculum for introductory and upper-level courses in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.
•student understanding and application of mathematical concepts in physics including graphical representation of vectors, especially scalar and vector products.
•student ideas regarding entropy and the second law of thermodynamics, in introductory physics and chemistry courses.
•the evolution of content and pedagogical content knowledge among students throughout a course using published physics education research papers and those studies corresponding research-based materials